Personalized Health Manifesto
Personalized Health Manifesto, Kauffman Foundation
An old-fashioned call to arms and action plan for a new age of health care
By David Ewing Duncan
Director, The Center for Life Science Policy, UC Berkeley
Winter, 2011
This document was prepared with the participation of thirty-five life science leaders representing science, medicine, business, government, patients, law, and the media (a complete list of participants appears at the end).
Supported by the Kauffman Foundation
American society is on the cusp of a vital new era of health care, one in which medicine will shift from primarily addressing illness to a greater emphasis on prediction and prevention, and on individualized care. This historic transformation comes from a deepening understanding of biology, the emergence of new technologies, and a rising demand by individuals to understand and take charge of their own health. Yet a widening gap exists in integrating and implementing this promising new epoch of personalized health.
Resistance comes from traditions and attitudes that emerged during an age when medicine was limited primarily to diagnosing and treating disease, and by the prevailing use of drugs and protocols targeted more for populations and averages than for individuals. Even today, the biomedical enterprise overwhelmingly focuses on developing and paying for costly drugs, procedures, and devices that will be deployed after a person gets sick, with too little consideration for their personal physiology and circumstances.
This dominance is now being challenged. Discoveries in genomics, proteomics, environmental toxicology, microbiology, biocomputing, and many other fields are poised to provide unheard of insight into a person’s future health risks, and also to offer individualized options for improving health and wellness, and for managing disease.
Significant impediments and gaps remain, however, in applying this “new science”—not only in the clinic, but also in funding, infrastructure, regulation, law, business, education, and communication. Some of these gaps are unavoidable and naturally occur with any new discovery, while others are avoidable and potentially fixable.
A major hurdle is the unintended consequence of a system that has devoted considerable time and resources on basic research and on creating an ever more specialized phalanx of experts delving into the mechanisms of life. Over the years, this reductionist enterprise has produced critical insights that have made an age of personalized health possible. But it also has encouraged a parsing of knowledge and a silo effect that has made it difficult to capitalize on vast new stores of knowledge about human biology.
The time has come for an intensive focus on integration, the crucial complement to reductionism. Basic research and specialization remains crucial to the biomedical enterprise, but a reordering of priorities is required to stress the application and translation of what has been learned to improve health and to reduce health care costs.
Integration requires, first, a new urgency for scientists to work together to focus on the whole human organism; and, second, for society to absorb and implement scientific discoveries in the realms of clinical medicine, law, government, education, and commerce with greater creativity and resolve. To realize this vision will need coordination, funding, and a mandate for bold action.
To launch a new era of personalized health does not require a radical new blueprint for change. Rather, it can utilize an existing body of suggested proposals, reforms, and plans to already put forth by individuals and organizations inside and outside of government. Some of these ideas have been tentatively initiated, but they require significantly more funding and support.
In order to accelerate a transformation to personalized health, we, the undersigned, call on the life science community, policymakers, patients, and society to take the following actions:
First, to acknowledge that:
- New scientific discoveries are on the cusp of enabling a shift from health care based on illness to one equally centered on prediction, prevention, and personalized health.
- A balance between specialization and integration needs to be restored, with an emphasis on the whole human organism as much as its parts, and as much on individual patients as populations.
- Gaps exist that exacerbate the normal lag between discovery and application, both inside and outside the scientific community.
- Shifting to a health care system based as much on healthy wellness as illness is achievable, and can be accelerated by systematic planning and proper funding.
Second, to advocate the following:
- A Personalized Health Project that will:
- Recruit key leaders from science, medicine, business, policy, government, patient advocacy, ethics, law, and the media;
- Study and assess specific “gaps” between innovation and application, and assign task forces to address each substantial gap;
- Create a blueprint for implementing specific initiatives and enhancing existing projects in the public and private sectors to support predictive and preventive health care;
- Target, prioritize, and develop funding streams for the validation and application of new discoveries based on integrating individual discoveries and projects into a holistic model based on the needs of individuals and populations.
Third, to actively back reforms in:
Education
- Establish a new academic discipline focusing on the science of integration, including educational programs, funding, and journals.
- Modify medical education and scientific training to emphasize wellness and predictive and preventive medicine, and a deeper understanding of the links between the new science and the clinic.
- Provide incentives for medical trainees to pursue primary care and integrative fields such as medical genetics.
- Organize an awareness campaign on the need to integrate fields within the life sciences and between the life sciences and society.
Policy
- Refocus regulation and oversight to better utilize science and technology to streamline the drug and diagnostic approval process.
- Embrace a new model based on predictive and preventive medicine, and personalized treatments.
- Develop standard data elements for this new and emerging field.
- Remove barriers to the flow of scientific information by adopting open source models for publishing studies and organizing databases.
- Support improvements in information technology to better integrate data and to develop effective predictive models for populations and individuals.
- Create methods and programs to assess the true cost-benefit of personalized health science and protocols.
Patient Participation
- Encourage and enable the rise of the patient-consumer in health care.
- Arm people with validated information on predictive and preventive tests and protocols, and on lifestyle options such as nutrition, diet, and exercise.
Business
- Encourage entrepreneurs, investors and commercial efforts to develop new products and protocols based on the science of personalized health.
- Create a Human Integration Fund: a hybrid of public and private money dedicated to investing not in individual efforts, but in groupings of efforts that jointly target a disease or system, or the human body.
Reimbursement
- Establish a reimbursement process that pays for and encourages predictive tests, prevention, healthy wellness, and targeted treatments.
Ethics and Global Health
- Study the impact and the ethics of personalized health initiatives to ensure their adoption is safe and effective, and that privacy, personal choice, and access are protected.
- Work to develop predictive and preventive strategies that are suitable for both the developed and developing world, and work to develop funding and initiatives for global personalized health.
End of Life
- Acknowledge that illness and death remain a part of life, and continue a dedicated focus on personalized medicine to better customize treatment options, and encourage the use of palliative care where indicated.
Shifting to a health care paradigm that embraces healthy wellness and personalized health is a formidable challenge that will take many years. Yet we believe that this transformation can be accelerated with a thoughtful and comprehensive plan to advance the science and practice of personalized health, and that no time is better than now to launch this effort.
Expert Panel:
The following individuals participated in the development of the Personalized Health Manifesto and have endorsed it; neither they nor anyone else has had any editorial influence over this document.
ADAM GAZZALEY, MD, PhD, neurologist and neuroscientist, University of California at San Francisco
ANTHONY ATALA, MD, Board Member, Regenerative Medicine Foundation; and Director, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine
ATUL BUTTE, MD, PhD, geneticist and bioinformaticist, Stanford University Medical School
BROOK BYERS, MBA, venture capitalist, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers
CHRIS AUSTIN, MD, neurologist; director, Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health
DANIEL KRAFT, MD, PhD, oncologist; stem cell researcher, Stanford University Medical School
DAVID AGUS, MD, oncologist, proteomics researcher, entrepreneur, University of Southern California; co-founder, Navigenics
DAVID EWING DUNCAN, journalist and life science policy analyst; director, The Center for Life Science Policy, UC Berkeley
DIETRICH STEPHAN, PhD, geneticist; director, Ignite Institute; co-founder, Navigenics
EDWARD ABRAHAMS, PhD, president, Personalized Medicine Coalition
ERIC SCHADT, PhD, biocomputationist; chief scientific officer, Pacific Biosciences; co-founder, Sage Bionetworks
ERIC TOPOL, MD, cardiologist and translational geneticist; director, Scripps Translational Science Institute
FRANK DOUGLAS, MD, PhD, president and chief executive officer, Austen BioInnovation Institute of Akron, Ohio; founder and first executive director of the MIT Center for Biomedical Innovation,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology; former chief scientific officer, Aventis
FRED FRANK, MBA, life sciences investment banker; vice chairman, Peter J. Solomon Company; former vice chairman, Lehman Brothers
GEORGE CHURCH, PhD, molecular biologist, professor of Genetics, and director, Center for Computational Genetics, Harvard Medical School
GEORGE POSTE, PhD, researcher, policy analyst, and former pharmaceutical executive; Chief Scientist, Complex Adaptive Systems Initiative and professor of Health Innovation, Arizona State University; former President, R&D, of SmithKline Beecham
GREG SIMON, JD, senior vice president for Worldwide Policy, Pfizer; former president, Faster Cures; former chief domestic policy advisor to Vice President Al Gore
GREGORY STOCK, PhD, MBA, founding CEO, Signum Biosciences; founding director, Program on Medicine, Technology and Society, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine
HANK GREELY, JD, professor of Law, Stanford University; director, Center for Law and the Biosciences
JAMES HEYWOOD, co-founder and chairman, PatientsLikeMe
JAMES THOMSON, VMD, PhD, stem cell scientist; director of Regenerative Biology, The Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
JOSHUA ADLER, MD, physician, chief medical officer, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center
LEE HOOD, MD, PhD, molecular biologist and bioinformaticist; founder and director, Institute for Systems Biology
MARGARET ANDERSON, executive director, FasterCures
MARTYN SMITH, PhD, professor of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley
MICHAEL ROIZEN, MD, preventive medicine; director, Wellness Institute, Cleveland Clinic
MISHA ANGRIST, PhD, assistant professor, Duke University Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy
NATHANIEL DAVID, PhD, entrepreneur and venture capitalist; venture partner, Arch Venture Partners
PAUL BILLINGS, MD, PhD, clinical geneticist; director, Genomic Medicine Institute, El Camino Hospital
RAY WOOSLEY, MD, PhD, president and CEO, Critical Path Institute
SAFI BAHCALL, PhD, entrepreneur; CEO, Synta Pharmaceuticals Corp
STEPHEN FRIEND, MD, PhD, president, CEO, co-founder, Sage Bionetworks; former senior vice president and franchise head for Oncology Research, Merck
STEPHEN SPIELBERG, MD, PhD, pediatrician; director, Center for Personalized Medicine and Therapeutic Innovation, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri; former dean, Dartmouth Medical School
STEVE WIGGINS, venture capitalist and former health insurance executive; managing director of Essex Woodlands Health Ventures; founder and former CEO, Oxford Health Plans
ZACK LYNCH, executive director, Neurological Industry Organization